Prevalence of intestinal parasites in a clinical analysis laboratory in southern Brazil: a retrospective study

The population's living conditions, basic sanitation, hygiene, and poor socioeconomic status, are determining factors for diseases´ transmission, such as intestinal parasitic infections which constitute one of the main public health problems in Brazil. These diseases are considered endemic in several areas of the country, presenting a wide geographic distribution, varying according to environmental conditions and parasites´ species. Therefore, the present study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal parasites in individuals attending a clinical analysis laboratory in a municipality located in Southern of Brazil. A retrospective study was carried out through the analysis of 2,247 reports of parasitological stool examination from individuals who attended a clinical analysis laboratory located in Veranópolis, Rio Grande do Sul, from September 1st, 2018, to December 31st, 2020. Parasitic structures were found in stool samples from 181 (8.1%) individuals. The protozoans Endolimax nana and Entamoeba coli were the most prevalent parasites, being present in 58.0% and 29.8% of individuals, respectively. A higher prevalence of intestinal parasites was observed in women (52.5%), aged 21 to 60 years old (62.4%). Biparasitism or polyparasitism was present in 7.2% (13/181) of individuals and only 31.7% (713/2247) of samples collected three fecal samples for examination. The low prevalence of intestinal parasites found in the present study may be an indicator of improvements in sanitary, environmental, and health education conditions.

Inusual hallazgo en paciente cirrótico con anemia crónica e hipereosinofilia usando cápsula endoscópica: a propósito de un caso (video) / Unusual finding in cirrhotic patient with chronic anemia and hypereosinophilia using an endoscopic capsule: a case report (video)

We report a clinical case from a patient with alcoholic cirrhosis who had chronic anemia and carried out several endoscopic studies without evidence of active bleeding, a complementary study with endoscopic capsule was requested to search for a source of bleeding. In the analysis of laboratory data, the presence of hypereosinophilia stands out in parallel. The images obtained in the video capsule study show geoparasites helminth-type. After parasite treatment, anemia improves and the absolute eosinophil count is normalized.

Reportamos el caso de un paciente cirrótico por alcohol con anemia crónica quien se realizó varios estudios endoscópicos sin evidencia de sangrado activo, por tal motivo se solicitó estudio complementario con cápsula endoscópica para búsqueda de fuente de sangrado. En el análisis de los datos de laboratorio paralelamente destaca la presencia de hipereosinofilia. Las imágenes obtenidas en el estudio de la video cápsula muestran varios geoparásitos de tipo helmintos. Posterior al tratamiento antiparasitario mejora la anemia y se normaliza el recuento absoluto de eosinófilos.

Parasitosis intestinales y medidas antropométricas en preescolares del cantón de Portoviejo, Ecuador / Intestinal parasites and anthropometric measurements in preschoolers from the canton of Portoviejo, Ecuador

Las enteroparasitosis son un problema de salud pública a nivel global con mayor impacto en los países subdesarrollados asociadas a condiciones de vida inadecuadas. La población infantil es más suceptible para desarrollar sintomatología provocando cuadros disentéricos, vomitos, síndrome de mal absorción, lo que influye en deficiencia de nutrientes y vitaminas, como consecuencia retraso en el crecimiento, malnutrición, trastornos del desarrollo físico y cognitivo. Se realizó una investigación epidemiológica, de corte transversal para estimar la prevalencia de parásitos instestinales y las diferencias en relación a las medidas antropométricas, en 283 escolares de la Capital de la provincia de Manabí. Las variables peso, talla parada, circunferencia de brazo izquierdo, pliegues de tríceps y subescapular, índice de masa corporal, área magra y área grasa fueron seleccionadas para establecer la relación. El coproparasitológico se realizó con el método directo (solución salina 0,9% y Lugol) y Kato Katz. Los resultados mostraron 62,54% de prevalencia, sin distingo de sexo, ni edad. Blastocytis spp., la especie más frecuente, confirmándose el comportamiento epidemiológico a nivel mundial a expensa de los protozoarios, con presencia de especies comensales (E. nana) relacionada con el fecalismo. A pesar de la alta prevalencia, no se observó diferencia significativa entre variables antropométricas analizadas en los escolares parasitados y no parasitados. Se infiere que es debido al tipo de especies y la intensidad de la infestación. Se recomienda realizar campañas de educación sanitaria y promover hábitos de higiene, así como dirigir investigaciones para determinar el papel epidemiológico del agua de consumo y las enteroparasitosis(AU)

Enteroparasitosis is a global public health problem with the greatest impact in underdeveloped countries associated with inadequate living conditions. The child population is more susceptible to developing symptoms causing dysentery, vomiting, malabsorption syndrome, which influences nutrient and vitamin deficiency, resulting in growth retardation, malnutrition, physical and cognitive development disorders. A cross-sectional epidemiological investigation was carried out to estimate the prevalence of intestinal parasites and the differences in relation to anthropometric measurements, in 283 schoolchildren from the capital of the province of Manabí. The variables weight, standing height, left arm circumference, triceps and subscapular folds, body mass index, lean area, and fat area were selected to establish the relationship. Coproparasitology was performed with the direct method (saline solution 0.9% and Lugol) and Kato Katz. The results showed 62.54% prevalence, regardless of sex or age. Blastocytis spp., the most frequent species, confirming the epidemiological behavior worldwide at the expense of protozoa, with the presence of commensal species (E. nana) related to fecalism. Despite the high prevalence, no significant difference was observed between the anthropometric variables analyzed in parasitized and non-parasitized schoolchildren. It is inferred that it is due to the type of species and the intensity of the infestation. It is recommended to carry out health education campaigns and promote hygiene habits, as well as to conduct research to determine the epidemiological role of drinking water and enteroparasitosis(AU)

Factores de riesgo y parasitosis intestinal en niños menores de 10 años de la olla común / Risk factors and intestinal parasitosis in children under 10 years of age from the common pot

Diversos factores de riesgos pueden condicionar las prevalencias de parasitosis intestinales en niños. Como objetivo se propuso determinar los factores de riesgo y parasitosis intestinal en niños menores de 10 años de la Olla Común ubicada en Villa Mara del Triunfo-Perú durate el año 2022. La investigación fue descriptiva-experimental y correlativa con una muestra de 160 niños <10 años de ambos sexos. Como instrumento de recolección se aplicó un cuestionario con preguntas dicotómicas para conocer las prácticas de higiene de los niños y se efectuó la recolección y procesamiento de muestras con técnicas de Solución Salina S.S.F al 85%, Lugol, Método de Kato y Método de concentración-Flotación de Faust. Para analizar los datos se utilizó Microsoft Excel y el software SPSS, estadística descriptica y hallar tablas de frecuencias y porcentajes y Prueba de correlación entre los elementos de riesgo y la frecuencia de signos de los parásitos. Como resultado, el cálculo estadístico con el método de Spearman mostró una concordancia positiva con el coeficiente de correlación 0,725 y con un valor de 0,001<0,05; donde los niveles de factores de riesgo en los infantes mostraron que el 31,3% se encontraban en riesgo bajo con un nivel bajo de síntomas y sin evidencia de parásitos intestinales, el 18,8% en riesgo medio y el 12,5% en riesgo alto y un nivel alto de síntomas y parasitosis intestinal confirmado; la mayoría de los niños se encuentran en un entorno de bajo riesgo. Se hace necesario e indispensable continuar con invesigaciones en zonas adyacentes(AU)

Various risk factors can condition the prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in children. The objective was to determine the risk factors and intestinal parasitosis in children under 10 years of age from the Common Pot located in Villa Mara del Triunfo-Peru during the year 2022. The research was descriptive-experimental and correlative with a sample of 160 children <10 years of both sexes. As a collection instrument, a questionnaire with dichotomous questions was applied to know the hygiene practices of the children and the collection and processing of samples was carried out with techniques of Saline Solution S.S.F at 85%, Lugol's, Kato's Method and Concentration-Flotation Method. of Faust. To analyze the data, Microsoft Excel and the SPSS software were used, descriptive statistics and finding tables of frequencies and percentages and a correlation test between the risk elements and the frequency of signs of the parasites. As a result, the statistical calculation with the Spearman method showed a positive agreement with the correlation coefficient 0.725 and with a p value of 0.001<0.05; where the levels of risk factors in infants showed that 31.3% were at low risk with a low level of symptoms and no evidence of intestinal parasites, 18.8% at medium risk and 12.5% at high risk and a high level of symptoms and confirmed intestinal parasitism; most children are in a low-risk environment. It is necessary and essential to continue with investigations in adjacent areas(AU)

Perfil epidemiológico y parasitosis intestinales en tres comunidades atendidas por organización no gubernamental, Tegucigalpa, Honduras / Epidemiologic profile and intestinal parasitism in three communities served by non-governmental organization, Tegucigalpa, Honduras

Antecedentes: Alternativas y Oportunidades (AyO), Organización No Gubernamental (ONG) sin fines de lucro ha ofrecido programas educativos durante 32 años en mercados capitalinos y comunidades de escasos recursos de Tegucigalpa y Comayagüela. Objetivos: Determinar las características epidemiológicas y la frecuencia de parásitos intestinales de la población en tres sitios beneficiarios de AyO. Participantes y Métodos: Estudio descriptivo transversal de mayo a octubre 2019. Previo consentimiento/ asentimiento informados, se obtuvo datos sociodemográficos y epidemiológicos por encuesta en voluntarios de 0-49 años que proveyeron una muestra fresca de heces, examinada en el laboratorio por métodos directo, Kato-Katz, Baermann, coloración ácido resistente modificada y prueba inmunoantigénica ELISA. Resultados: Se encontró que en total 147 participantes era pobre, tenía trabajo informal mal remunerado, casas de adobe, madera, bloque o ladrillo; 92.5% (136) tenía letrina o inodoro, 97.2% (142) quemaba la basura o era recogida por camiones y 72.6% (106) compraba agua. La frecuencia de parásitos intestinales fue 3.4% (5) infección por helmintos, 62.5% (92) infecciones por protozoos comensales y dos especies patógenas: Giardia duodenalis 15.0% (22) y Cyclospora cayetanensis 2.0% (3). Blastocystis spp. 52.3% (77) y protozoos comensales Endolimax nana 36.7% (54), Entamoeba coli 32.6% (48) y Entamoeba hartmanni 23.2% (34), fueron los más frecuentes; 6.1% (9), tenía quistes de Entamoeba histolytica/E. dispar. La prueba inmunoenzimática de ELISA detectó 16.1% (19/118) infecciones por Giardia y ninguna infección por Cryptosporidium. Discusión: Promoción en higiene (WASH) y uso de filtros para agua de consumo es información importante que AyO debe promover al educar comunidades en salud...(AU)

Dinámica de la evolución de las formas de Blastocystis spp. en un medio de cultivo simple / Dynamics of the evolution of the forms of Blastocystis spp. in a simple culture medium

Resumen Blastocystis spp. es un parásito muy frecuente en materia fecal humana, pero la naturaleza polimórfica y el número de Blastocystis en la muestra pueden complicar su detección por microscopía. El objetivo del trabajo fue describir la dinámica de los morfotipos de Blastocystis a corto plazo en un medio de cultivo simple y determinar su aplicabilidad para utilizarlo como complemento del análisis coproparasitológico y para estudios morfológicos, bioquímicos y moleculares del parásito. Se sembraron 10 muestras de materia fecal con Blastocystis en un medio Pavlova adaptado, se examinaron diariamente por examen microscópico durante 6 días y se registraron las formas y el recuento. El desarrollo fue regular y abundante y las formas fueron de tamaños variables y claramente identificables. El cultivo ensayado puede ser útil para la detección de Blastocystis cuando existan dudas diagnósticas por microscopía, para estudios de sensibilidad y especificidad diagnóstica o cuando se requiera aumentar la carga para realizar otros estudios.

Abstract Blastocystis spp. is a very frequent parasite in human fecal matter, but the polymorphic nature and the number of Blastocystis in a sample can complicate its detection by microscopy. The objective of the present work was to describe the dynamics of Blastocystis morphotypes in the short term in a simple culture medium and to determine its applicability to use it as a complement to coproparasitological analysis and for morphological, biochemical and molecular studies of the parasite. Ten stool samples with Blastocystis were cultured in an adapted Pavlova medium and examined during 6 days by microscopy to record the forms and the count. The development was regular and abundant and the shapes were of variable sizes and clearly identifiable. The tested culture could be used for the detection of Blastocystis when microscopic diagnosis is dubious, for studies of diagnostic sensitivity and specificity or when it is necessary to increase the load to perform other studies.

Resumo Blastocystis spp. é um parasita muito frequente nas fezes humanas, mas a natureza polimórfica e o número de Blastocystis na amostra podem complicar a sua detecção através do microscópio. O objetivo do trabalho foi descrever a dinâmica dos morfotipos de Blastocystis no curto prazo em um meio de cultura simples e determinar sua aplicabilidade para ser utilizado como complemento da análise coproparasitológica e para estudos morfológicos, bioquímicos e moleculares do parasita. Foram semeadas dez amostras de fezes com Blastocystis em um meio Pavlova adaptado e examinadas diariamente através de exame microscópico durante 6 dias, registrando as formas e fazendo recontagem. O desenvolvimento foi regular e abundante e as formas foram de tamanhos variáveis e claramente identificáveis. A cultura testada pode ser útil para a detecção de Blastocystis quando houver dúvidas diagnósticas por microscopia; para estudos de sensibilidade e especificidade diagnóstica ou quando for necessário aumentar a carga para a realização de outros estudos.

Prevalencia de enterobiasis y factores socioambientales en una zona rural de Ecuador / Prevalence of enterobiasis and socio-environmental factors in a rural area from Ecuador

La gestión de los residuos sanitarios requiere atención especial y todos los equipos sanitarios deben participar en la manipulación de los residuos. Se presta menos atención a la gestión de residuos sanitarios en países en vías de desarrollo y no hay evidencia sobre las prácticas de gestión de residuos sanitarios en algunas instituciones sanitarias. Este estudio se realizó para evaluar las prácticas de gestión de residuos sanitarios y los factores asociados en tres hospitales de Perú. Es un estudio descriptivo, cuantitativo y de corte transversal basado en tres establecimientos de salud. Los datos se recopilaron mediante cuestionarios y listas de verificación de observación. El (66,67%) de los trabajadores conocían sobre el manejo de los desechos biológicos. La mayoría conocía los riesgos asociados con el manejo de los mismos (95,91%). Los participantes tenían el conocimiento de que pueden evitarse las infecciones. Nueve de cada diez de los trabajadores realizaron por lo menos dos capacitaciones en la gestión del manejo de los desechos biológicos. El 95,91% conocía los códigos de colores correctos de los contenedores para diferentes flujos de desechos. En cuanto a las actitudes, 161 (94,15 %) indicó que la gestión de los desechos biológicos era importante y 162 (94,74%) estuvo de acuerdo en que era necesaria una implementación estricta para la gestión adecuada de los mismos en el establecimiento de salud. Elementos clave para mejorar las prácticas de gestión de residuos sanitarios en hospitales: promover prácticas que reduzcan el volumen de residuos generados y aseguren una adecuada segregación de residuos(AU)

Healthcare waste management requires special attention and every healthcare teams should be involved in handling of wastes. However, less attention is paid to health care waste management in developing countries and there is no evidence on health care waste management practices in some institutions providing health services. This study was conducted to assess healthcare waste management practices and associated factors in three hospitals in Peru. It is a descriptive, quantitative and cross-sectional study based on three health establishments. Data were collected using questionnaire and observational checklists. The (66.67%) of the workers knew about the management of biological waste. The majority knew the risks associated with handling them (95.91%). Participants were aware that infections can be prevented. Nine out of ten of the workers completed at least two trainings in the management of biological waste. 95.91% knew the correct container color codes for different waste streams. Regarding attitudes, 161 (94.15%) indicated that the management of biological waste was important and 162 (94.74%) agreed that strict implementation was necessary for proper management of biological waste in the environment health facility. Key elements to improve healthcare waste management practices in hospitals: promote practices that reduce the volume of waste generated and ensure proper waste segregation(AU)

Las TICs aplicada a la salud mental comunitaria y enfermedades endémicas / ICTs applied to community mental health and endemic diseases

Las enfermedades tropicales desatendidas suelen presentar una evolución crónica y se caracterizan por producir discapacidad física y mental a quienes las padecen, siendo asociadas a la estigmatización social. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 182 pacientes con enfermedades tropicales en regiones endémicas para leishmania, enfermedad de Chagas, filariasis linfática, oncocercosis, dengue y parasitosis intestinales; con el fin de evaluar la salud mental comunitaria, aplicando las tecnologias de información y comunicación (TIC), mediante el uso de telefónos móviles y telefonía fija. Se aplicó una encuesta para valorar el conocimiento y disposición de los pacientes respecto a las TIC, se valoró la salud mental calificada y la percibida por los pacientes mediante una escala de Likert. A partir de la calificación de la salud mental comunitaria se asociaron los estigmas sobre las enfermedades endémicas y luego se aplicó una encuesta para conocer la percepción de los pacientes, respecto a la influencia de los estigmas en la salud mental comunitaria. La mayor proporción de los participantes coincidieron en ser evaluados por parte del personal de salud, mediante herramientas de TIC y manifestaron tener problemas emocionales. Asimismo, el rechazo social como las secuelas de la enfermedad resultaron ser las manifestaciones más frecuentes de los participantes. En conclusión, el empleo de las TIC, en el área de salud mental comunitaria, supone un avance importante en el intercambio de información entre terapeutas y pacientes con enfermedades tropicales desatendidas, contribuyendo a disminuir el estigma social al que se ven sometidos y reestablecer su bienestar mental(AU)

Neglected tropical diseases usually present a chronic evolution and are characterized by causing physical and mental disability to those who suffer from them, being associated with social stigmatization. A descriptive study was carried out in 182 patients with tropical diseases in endemic regions for leishmania, Chagas disease, lymphatic filariasis, onchocerciasis, dengue and intestinal parasites; in order to assess community mental health, applying information and communication technologies (ICT), through the use of mobile phones and landlines. A survey was applied to assess the knowledge and disposition of the patients regarding ICT, the qualified mental health and that perceived by the patients was assessed using a Likert scale. From the qualification of community mental health, stigmas about endemic diseases were associated and then a survey was applied to know the perception of patients regarding the influence of stigmas in community mental health. The largest proportion of the participants agreed to be evaluated by health personnel, using ICT tools, and reported having emotional problems. Likewise, social rejection as the sequelae of the disease turned out to be the most frequent manifestations of the participants. In conclusion, the use of ICTs in the area of community mental health represents an important advance in the exchange of information between therapists and patients with neglected tropical diseases, helping to reduce the social stigma to which they are subjected and reestablish their mental health(AU)

Frecuencia y distribución de enteroparásitos en área rural del departamento de La Paz / Frequency and distribution of enteroparasites in rural area in La Paz

INTRODUCCIÓN: las enfermedades parasitarias representan un problema de salud pública debido a su alta prevalencia por todo el mundo sobre todo en países en desarrollo, especialmente en áreas rurales y Bolivia no es la excepción. OBJETIVO: el presente estudio tuvo el objetivo de determinar la frecuencia y distribución de enteroparásitos en 8 municipios rurales del departamento de La Paz durante el periodo de agosto a septiembre de 2014. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS: el trabajo es un estudio tipo transversal-descriptivo con un universo de trabajo de 1238 muestras de heces fecales conservadas con formol, las cuales fueron enviadas por el equipo médico de SUYANA (organización no gubernamental sin fines de lucro) a los laboratorios del Instituto SELADIS (Servicios de Laboratorio de Diagnóstico e Investigación en Salud). RESULTADOS: se realizaron estudios coproparasitológicos directos de cada una de las muestras y la observación microscópica dio los siguientes resultados. Se evidencio la presencia de enteroparásitos en 89,5% de la población estudiada, de los cuales 97,2% representan protozoarios tales como B. hominis, E. coli (protoozoos comensales) y G. lamblia (protozoo intestinal patógeno) los cuales estarían como los de mayor distribución, por otro lado el 2.8% de la población total corresponden a helmintos donde H. nana tiene una distribución de 1,8%, A. lumbricoides 0,7% y T. trichiura, S. stercoralis, Uncinarias estarían en el 0,1% de la población. También se pudo evidenciar que la mayor distribución de enteroparásitos estaría entre 1-10 años de edad (37,4%). Finalmente se evidencio que de las 8 poblaciones de estudio Charazani, Calacoto, Comanche presentarían mayor distribución de enteroparásitos (10-11 parásitos). CONCLUSIÓN: se evidencio que casi el 90% de la población en estudio, presentarían parásitos intestinales, con un claro predominio de los protozoarios sobre los helmintos. Esta información epidemiológica servirá de apoyo para mejorar los programas de salud en estas poblaciones.

INTRODUCTION: parasitic diseases represent a public health problem because of its high prevalence throughout the world, especially in developing countries, particularly in rural areas and Bolivia is no exception. OBJETIVE: therefore, the present study had the objective of determining the frequency and distribution of enteroparasites in eight municipalities of La Paz between August and September in 2014. MATERIALS AND METHODS: this was a cross-sectional-descriptive study with a universe of 1238 formalin-preserved stool samples, which were sent for analysis by the medical team of SUYANA (a non-profi t organization) to the Bolivian Institute of Health Diagnostic and Research Laboratory Services (SELADIS, acronym in Spanish). RESULTS: Copro-parasitological studies of each sample and microscopic analysis were detected. As a result, prevalence of infection by any given enteroparasites were detected, 89.5% of protozoans (B. hominis, E. coli (commensal protozoa) and 97.2%, G. lamblia (pathogenic intestinal protozoa) which represent the highest distribution. Besides, we identified, 2.8% of helmintos, among them, 1.8% of H. nana, 1.7% of A. lumbricoides and 0.1% of others (T. trichiura, S. stercoralis and Uncinarias). According to age group, 37.4% were people between 1 and 10 years old (enteroparasites infection). From eight municipalities, Charazani, Calacoto, and Comanche had the highest distribution of enteparasites (10-11 parasites). CONCLUSIONS: the present study showed that 90% of the population had intestinal parasites, where protozoans were higher than helminths. This epidemiological information could be reliable to improve health care programs for these populations.

Plants and intestinal parasitosis: a review on ethnopharmacological use by the Kantaruré-Batida indigenous community of Brazil / Plantas y parasitosis intestinal: una revisión sobre el uso etnofarmacológico de la comunidad indígena Kantaruré-Batida de Brasil

Indigenous knowledge is one of the most notable traditional sources about plants used to treat diseases. Thus, the aim of this study was to describe the botanical features and to investigate the pharmacological properties of plants used by the Kantaruré-Batida community to treat intestinal parasitosis. Botanical characterization was performed based on integrative review andon access to 'Flora do Brasil' platform, whereas plants' pharmacological properties were investigated through systematic review. Among the 21 ethnospecies used, 48% were described as having activity against intestinal parasites. Although 52% had no such activity described, other properties can account for their use, that indicates that further studies are required. Therefore, this review reinforces the importance of valuing indigenous knowledge as tool to guide antiparasitic agent trials.

El conocimiento indígena es una de las fuentes tradicionales más notables sobre las plantas utilizadas para tratar enfermedades. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de este estudio fue describir las características botánicas e investigar las propiedades farmacológicas de las plantas utilizadas por la comunidad Kantaruré-Batida para tratar la parasitosis intestinal. La caracterización botánica se realizó con base en una revisión integradora y en el acceso a la plataforma "Flora do Brasil", mientras que las propiedades farmacológicas de las plantas se investigaron mediante una revisión sistemática. Entre las 21 etnoespecies utilizadas, se describió que el 48% tenía actividad contra los parásitos intestinales. Aunque el 52% no tenía tal actividad descrita, otras propiedades pueden explicar su uso, lo que indica que se requieren más estudios. Por lo tanto, esta revisión refuerza la importancia de valorar el conocimiento indígena como herramienta para guiar los ensayos de agentes antiparasitarios.

Canine gastrointestinal pythiosis: a case report in Brazilian Pantanal from a diagnostic approach / Pitiose gastrointestinal canina: relato de caso no Pantanal brasileiro a partir de uma abordagem diagnóstica

Pythiosis is caused by an aquatic fungus-like organism (Pythium insidiosum). It is considered an important public health issue as it can affect both animals and humans. This paper reports a case of gastrointestinal pythiosis in a dog. The patient was hospitalized for four days, during which the animal received supportive and symptomatic treatment. But the applied treatment was unsuccessful and the dog's clinical condition worsened, culminating in death. Complementary imaging tests such as radiography and ultrasonography, as well as hematological tests, were performed during the hospitalization period. The definitive diagnosis was reached in the postmortem as macroscopic and microscopic characteristics suggested the presence of intestinal granuloma and accentuated multifocal suppurative necrotic enteritis. Additionally, the histological evaluation revealed morphological structures compatible with P. insidiosum. Also, the results of nested PCR performed showed partial amplification (105 bp) of the ITS1 region of the ribosomal gene of P. insidiosum.(AU)

A pitiose é causada por um organismo aquático semelhante a um fungo (Pythium insidiosum) e considerada um importante problema de saúde pública, pois pode afetar animais e humanos. Este artigo relata um caso de pitiose gastrointestinal em um cão. O paciente ficou internado por quatro dias, período em que o animal recebeu tratamento de suporte e sintomático. No entanto, o tratamento aplicado não teve sucesso e o quadro clínico do cão piorou, culminando com a morte. Exames de imagem complementares, como radiografia e ultrassonografia, bem como exames hematológicos, foram realizados durante o período de internação. O diagnóstico definitivo foi feito na autópsia, pois as características macroscópicas e microscópicas sugeriam a presença de granuloma intestinal e acentuada enterite necrótica multifocal supurativa. Além disso, a avaliação histológica revelou estruturas morfológicas compatíveis com P. insidiosum. Além disso, a nested PCR foi realizada e mostrou amplificação parcial (105 pb) da região ITS1 do gene ribossomal de P. insidiosum.(AU)

Prevalence of intestinal parasitic diseases in school children of rural areas of district Lower Dir, Pakistan / Prevalência de doenças parasitárias intestinais em escolares de áreas rurais do distrito de Lower Dir, Paquistão

Present study was conducted among school children to recognize the prevalence of IPIs in rural communities of district Dir Lower, Pakistan. A sum of 324 samples of stool were collected (210 boys and 114 girls). Used direct smear method and formol ether sedimentation concentration technique for processing the samples. The result shows that 82% (n=266) were found infected comprised 64.8% male and 35.1% females. Children of the age group 10 to 12 years were found extremely infected 94.2% while 4-6 year age group were having minimum ratio of infection 72%. Current study shows mono parasitism in 50.6% of the students while 22.2% were infected with 2 species and 7.40% were infected with three species of parasites. Seven species of intestinal parasites were reported include Ascaris lumbricoid in male (n=122) 58.0% and in female (n=65) 57.0% followed by Hook worm (n=88) 41.9% and (n=44) 38.5%; Tania saginata (n=44) 20.9% and (n=24) 21.0%; Entrobius vermicularis (n=32) 15.2% and (n=16) 14.0%; Trichuris trichura (n=25) 11.9% and (n=22) 19.2%; Hymenolepis nana (n=24) 11.4% and (n=18) 15.7% and Entameoba histolytica (n=16) 7.61% and (n=14) 12.2% in male and females respectively. The study indicates that most occurring intestinal parasite in the current study were Ascaris lumbricoides 58.0% (n=122) followed by hookworms 41.9% (n=88). Male students were more infected than females in the present study.

O presente estudo foi conduzido entre crianças em idade escolar para reconhecer a prevalência de IPIs em comunidades rurais do distrito de Dir Lower, Paquistão. Foram coletadas 324 amostras de fezes (210 meninos e 114 meninas). Método de esfregaço direto usado e técnica de concentração de sedimentação de formol éter para processar as amostras. O resultado mostra que 82% (n = 266) dos infectados eram 64,8% do sexo masculino e 35,1% do feminino. Crianças da faixa etária de 10 a 12 anos foram encontradas extremamente infectadas 94,2%, enquanto a faixa etária de 4 a 6 anos apresentava proporção mínima de infecção de 72%. O estudo atual mostra monoparasitismo em 50,6% dos alunos, enquanto 22,2% estavam infectados com 2 espécies e 7,40% estavam infectados com três espécies de parasitas. Sete espécies de parasitas intestinais foram relatadas incluindo Ascaris lumbricoid em machos (n = 122) 58,0% e em fêmeas (n = 65) 57,0% seguido por anzol (n = 88) 41,9% e (n = 44) 38,5%; Tania saginata (n = 44) 20,9% e (n = 24) 21,0%; Entrobius vermicularis (n = 32) 15,2% e (n = 16) 14,0%; Trichuris trichura (n = 25) 11,9% e (n = 22) 19,2%; Hymenolepis nana (n = 24) 11,4% e (n = 18) 15,7% e Entameoba histolytica (n = 16) 7,61% e (n = 14) 12,2% em homens e mulheres, respectivamente. O estudo indica que os parasitas intestinais que mais ocorreram no presente estudo foram Ascaris lumbricoides 58,0% (n = 122), seguidos por ancilóstomos 41,9% (n = 88). Estudantes do sexo masculino foram mais infectados do que do sexo feminino no presente estudo.

Standardization of molecular techniques for the detection and characterization of intestinal protozoa and other pathogens in humans

Background: The intrinsic sensitivity limitations of basic parasitological methods, along with the particular biological characteristics of parasites, make these methods ineffective to differentiate morphologically indistinguishable species. Molecular detection and characterization techniques could be used to overcome these problems. The purpose of this work was to standardize molecular polymerase chain reaction (PCR) techniques, described in the literature, for the detection and molecular characterization of intestinal protozoa and other pathogens in humans. Methods: DNA was extracted from human or animal feces, previously washed or cultured in Boeck Drbohlav's Modified Medium. DNA extraction was performed with Machery-Nagel extraction kits. The standardization of the PCR, nested-PCR or RFLP techniques was carried out according to the literature. For each molecular technique performed, the sensitivity of the test was determined based on the minimun quantity required of DNA (sensitivity A) and the minimum quantity of life forms that the test detected (sensitivity B). Results: Sensitivity A was 10 fg for G. duodenalis, 12.5 pg for Entamoeba histolytica or Entamoeba dispar, 50 fg for Cryptosporidium spp., 225 pg for Cyclospora spp. and 800 fg or 8 fg for Blastocystis spp. after performing a 1780 bp PCR or 310 bp nested PCR, respectively. The sensitivity B was 100 cysts for G. duodenalis, 500 cysts for E. histolytica or E. dispar, 1000 oocysts for Cyclospora spp. and 3600 or four vegetatives forms for PCR or nested PCR of Blastocystis spp., respectively. Conclusions: The molecular detection of protozoa and chromist was achieved and the molecular characterization allowed the genotyping of some of the parasites such as Giardia duodenalis, Cryptosporidium spp., and Blastocystis spp. This study summarizes the molecular techniques for epidemiological studies in humans and animals, and helps in the investigation of their transmission sources in countries where intestinal parasites are a public health problem.(AU)

Food handlers: an important reservoir of protozoans and helminth parasites of public health importance / Manipuladores de alimentos: um importante reservatório de protozoários e helmintos parasitas de importância para a saúde pública

Food handlers plays a primary role in the transmission of pathogenically important protozoans and helminth parasites. This study was aimed to evaluate the prevalence of intestinal pathogenic protozoans and helminth parasites among food handlers in and around University of Malakand, Lower Dir, Pakistan. Stool samples were collected from 642 food handlers (all of male) in a cross-sectional study from January to November, 2017. Wet Mount Techniques and concentration methods by using salt and formol­ether solutions. Three hundred and eighty four cases (59.8%) were found infected with one more parasites. Most of the individuals were found infected with helminth (47.6%) as compared to intestinal protozoans (0.93%). Seventy two cases (11.2%) of the cases presented mixed infection with both intestinal protozoan and helminth parasites. The order of prevalence for intestinal helminth was Ancylostoma duodenale (n = 258, 40.1%), followed by Taeniasa ginata (n=96, 14.9%) Ascaris lumbricoides (n = 54, 8.40%) and Trichuris trichura (n=30, 4.60%). For intestinal protozoa, Entamoeba histolytica/díspar (n = 36, 5.64%) was the only protozoan detected. Mono-parasitism was higher than poly-parasitism. Family size income and education level were the factors significantly (P<0.05) associated in the parasites prevalence. Current research showed that IPIs are primarily the foodborne pathogens still an important public health problem in Pakistan. Effective control programs on parasitic diseases transfer and their associated factors are recommended.

Os manipuladores de alimentos desempenham um papel fundamental na transmissão de protozoários e helmintos parasitas patogenicamente importantes. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a prevalência de protozoários patogênicos intestinais e helmintos parasitas entre manipuladores de alimentos na Universidade de Malakand, Lower Dir, Paquistão. Amostras de fezes foram coletadas de 642 manipuladores de alimentos (todos do sexo masculino) em um estudo transversal de janeiro a novembro de 2017. Técnicas de montagem úmida e métodos de concentração usando soluções de sal e formol-éter. Trezentos e oitenta e quatro casos (59,8%) foram encontrados infectados com mais um parasita. A maioria dos indivíduos foi encontrada infectada por helmintos (47,6%) em comparação com protozoários intestinais (0,93%). Setenta e dois casos (11,2%) dos casos apresentavam infecção mista com protozoários intestinais e helmintos parasitas. A ordem de prevalência de helmintos intestinais foi Ancylostoma duodenale (n = 258, 40,1%), seguido por Taeniasa ginata (n = 96, 14,9%) Ascaris lumbricoides (n = 54, 8,40%) e Trichuris trichura (n = 30, 4,60 %). Para protozoários intestinais, Entamoeba histolytica / dispar (n = 36, 5,64%) foi o único protozoário detectado. Monoparasitismo foi maior do que poliparasitismo. A renda familiar e o nível de escolaridade foram os fatores significativamente (P <0,05) associados na prevalência de parasitos. A pesquisa atual mostrou que os IPIs são principalmente os patógenos de origem alimentar, ainda um importante problema de saúde pública no Paquistão. Programas eficazes de controle da transferência de doenças parasitárias e seus fatores associados são recomendados.

Gastrointestinal parasites in captive and free-living wild birds in Goiania Zoo / Parasitas gastrointestinais em aves silvestres em cativeiro e de vida livre no Zoológico de Goiânia

Helminths are endoparasites that infect a variety of bird species. Endoparasite infections can cause severe diseases, including kill captive avian hosts and represents a problem to maintenance and conservation. The eggs and larval forms of these parasites are usually eliminated in the host feces. The main interest of this study is to report the occurrence of eggs and oocysts in feces from captive wild birds in Goiânia Zoo and free-living birds in its surroundings. The fecal samples were subjected to parasitological examination to identify the presence of helminths and to classify their eggs based on morphological characteristics. Eggs of nematode parasites (Positive/N) were identified as Ascaridia spp. in Brotogeris chiriri (2/2), Dromaius novaehollandiae (1/1) and Rhea americana (2/2); Ascarididae in Pavo cristatus nigripensis (1/1); Capillaria spp. in Ara chloropterus (1/1) and Penelope jacucaca (1/1); Capillaria plagiaticia in Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (1/2) and Ara spp. (2/2); Capillaria venusta in Rhamphastus tucanus (1/2); and unidentified nematode eggs from Amazona amazonica (2/2). Eimeria spp. oocyst was founded in feces from A. hyacinthinus (1/2). Considering free-living birds, Diphyllobothrium spp. eggs were founded in Ardea alba (2/2) and Nycticorax nycticorax (2/3). Co-infection of Eustrongylides spp. was founded in A. alba (1/2). This is the first occurrence of: Ascaridia spp. parasitizing B. chiriri; and C. venusta parasitizing R. tucanus. In conclusion, the helminth eggs found in the abovementioned host bird species are consistent with those reported in the literature, and treatment and control protocols were based on their identification.

Helmintos são endoparasitas que infectam uma variedade de espécies de aves. As infecções por endoparasitas podem causar doenças graves, podendo matar aves em cativeiro e representam um problema de manutenção e conservação. Os ovos e as formas larvais desses parasitas são geralmente eliminados nas fezes do hospedeiro. O principal objetivo deste estudo é relatar a ocorrência de ovos e oocistos em fezes de aves silvestres em cativeiro no Zoológico de Goiânia e em aves de vida livre em seu entorno. As amostras fecais foram submetidas a exame parasitológico para identificação da presença de helmintos e classificação dos ovos com base nas características morfológicas. Ovos de nematóides (Positivo/N) foram identificados como Ascaridia spp. em Brotogeris chiriri (2/2), Dromaius novaehollandiae (1/1) e Rhea americana (2/2); Ascarididae em Pavo cristatus nigripensis (1/1); Capillaria spp. em Ara chloropterus (1/1) e Penelope jacucaca (1/1); Capillaria plagiaticia em Anodorhynchus hyacinthinus (1/2) e Ara spp. (2/2); Capillaria venusta em Rhamphastus tucanus (1/2); e ovos de nematóide não identificado de Amazona amazonica (2/2). Oocistos de Eimeria spp. foram encontrados nas fezes de A. hyacinthinus (1/2). Considerando pássaros de vida livre, ovos de Diphyllobothrium spp. foram encontrados em Ardea alba (2/2) e Nycticorax nycticorax (2/3). Coinfecção de Eustrongylides spp. foi encontradada em A. alba (1/2). Esta é a primeira ocorrência de: Ascaridia spp. parasitando B. chiriri; e C. venusta parasitando R. tucanus. Em conclusão, os ovos de helmintos encontrados nas espécies de aves hospedeiras acima mencionadas são consistentes com os relatados na literatura, e os protocolos de tratamento e controle foram baseados em sua identificação.

Prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal en escolares de zonas semirrurales de Ecuador II / Prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in schoolchildren from semi-rural areas of Ecuador II

La mayor proporción de individuos afectados por la parasitosis intestinal corresponde a la población infantil, debido a su inmadurez inmunológica y poco desarrollo de hábitos higiénicos y la práctica de jugar con tierra. Los estudios realizados en zonas rurales a nivel internacional sobre prevalencia de parasitosis intestinales en niños, reportan cifras que varían entre el 30 y 90 %. En los países afectados, entre los que figura notablemente Ecuador, las infecciones parasitarias intestinales están estrechamente relacionadas a los procesos de desarrollo económico y social. Ochenta y un escolares de zonas semirrurales (20%) cumplieron con los criterios diagnósticos de parasitosis intestinal. La Blastocystis sp. (10%), fue la especie parasitaria más comúnmente encontrada, en segundo lugar E. nana (3,7%) y en tercer lugar Complejo Entamoeba (2,5%). Específicamente en la población infantil de zonas semirrurales no se han realizado estudios de pesquisaje recientes en el contexto ecuatoriano y se ignora qué consecuencias pudo tener la pandemia de COVID-19 para la prevalencia de estas infecciones. Se desarrolló una investigación sobre los antecedentes y prevalencia de parasitosis intestinal en escolares de zonas semirrurales de Ecuador a fin de aportar información empírica al respecto(AU)

The largest proportion of individuals affected by intestinal parasitosis corresponds to the child population, due to their immunological immaturity and little development of hygienic habits and the practice of playing with dirt. - Studies carried out in rural areas at the international level on the prevalence of intestinal parasites in children, report figures that vary between 30% and 90%. In the affected countries, including notably Ecuador, intestinal parasitic infections are closely related to the processes of economic and social development. Eighty-one schoolchildren from semi-rural areas (20%) met the diagnostic criteria for intestinal parasitosis. The Blastocystis sp. (10%), was the most commonly found parasitic species, in second place E. nana (3.7%) and in third place Entamoeba Complex (2.5%). Specifically, in the child population of semi-rural areas, no recent screening studies have been carried out in the Ecuadorian context and the consequences the COVID-19 pandemic could have had on the prevalence of these infections are unknown. An investigation was developed on the background and prevalence of intestinal parasitosis in schoolchildren from semi-rural areas of Ecuador in order to provide empirical information in this regard(AU)

Anemia, estado nutricional y parasitosis intestinales en niños de hogares de Guayas / Anemia, nutritional status and intestinal parasites in children from homes in Guayas

Las parasitosis intestinales afectan principalmente a países subdesarrollados, donde se presentan condiciones socioeconómicas y geográficas propicias para desarrollarse, con mayor prevalencia en la población infantil. Dichas infecciones se han asociado a desnutrición y anemia, consideradas las alteraciones nutricionales más graves a nivel global. Se realizó un estudio descriptivo en 87 niños de la provincia de Guayas, Ecuador, con edades entre 24 y 59 meses, para determinar anemia, evaluar el estado nutricional y parasitosis intestinal. Se determinaron parámetros antropométricos, valores de hemoglobina y hematocrito, y se identificó las especies parasitarias. Se obtuvo mayor proporción de infantes eutróficos para talla e IMC según el género y grupo etáreo; los niños presentaron mayor prevalencia de sobrepeso, obesidad, retardo en la talla y delgadez, respecto las niñas; además el grupo etáreo entre 4 -5 años presentó mayor retardo en crecimiento y delgadez. Asimismo, 24,14% de niños presentaron anemia y los individuos parasitados significativamente presentaron anemia, mayor retardo en la talla y delgadez, frente a los no parasitados; siendo los protozoarios Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli y Giardia intestinalis los más frecuentes, mientras que, Enterobius vermicularis y Ascaris lumbricoides fueron los helmintos predominantes. El presente estudio evidencia deficiencias nutricionales asociadas a anemia e infección por parásitos intestinales en niños menores de 5 años de la provincia de Guayas; cuya población requiere adecuados servicios de salud y saneamiento, acceso a los alimentos, apropiadas prácticas de higiene y educación sanitaria, que contribuyan a aminorar los efectos de estas patologías y sus complicaciones(AU)

Intestinal parasites mainly affect underdeveloped countries, where socioeconomic and geographical conditions are conducive to development, with a higher prevalence in the child population. These infections have been associated with malnutrition and anemia, considered the most serious nutritional disorders globally. A descriptive study was carried out in 87 children from the province of Guayas, Ecuador, aged between 24 and 59 months, to determine anemia, evaluate nutritional status and intestinal parasitosis. A higher proportion of eutrophic infants was obtained for height and BMI according to gender and age group; boys had a higher prevalence of overweight, obesity, delayed height and thinness, compared to girls; In addition, the age group between 4 -5 years presented greater retardation in growth and thinness. Likewise, 24.14% of children presented anemia and significantly parasitized individuals presented anemia, greater delay in height and thinness, compared to those without parasitization; being the protozoa Entamoeba histolytica, Entamoeba coli and Giardia intestinalis the most frequent, while Enterobius vermicularis and Ascaris lumbricoides were the predominant helminths. The present study shows nutritional deficiencies associated with anemia and infection by intestinal parasites in children under 5 years of age in the province of Guayas; whose population requires adequate health and sanitation services, access to food, appropriate hygiene practices and health education, which contribute to lessen the effects of these pathologies and their complications(AU)

Gestión de seguimiento a pacientes rurales con parasitosis intestinales: apoyo desde el laboratorio clínico / Follow-up management of rural patients with intestinal parasites: support from the clinical laboratory

Se realizó una investigación operativa, de alcance longitudinal, en el periodo comprendido entre abril y noviembre de 2019, con el objetivo determinar indicadores y propuestas de mejora para la gestión de seguimiento a pacientes rurales con parasitosis intestinales, diagnosticados en el laboratorio clínico del Centro de Salud Tipo C Quero (CSQ). El universo del estudio estuvo conformado por 15.842 usuarios potenciales del CSQ. El tipo de muestreo fue por conveniencia; la población consistió en 217 pacientes que acudieron al laboratorio institucional durante el periodo de estudio para realizarse el examen coproparasitario. La muestra estuvo conformada por 184 pacientes con diagnóstico de parasitosis intestinal. Para determinar la gestión de cuidados de los pacientes rurales diagnosticados con parasitosis intestinales, se tuvieron en cuenta 8 variables y 8 indicadores para el período de estudio, las cuales se obtuvieron mediante el seguimiento a los procesos del laboratorio clínico, una vez completado el periodo de la investigación. Un total de 217 pacientes del Centro de Salud Tipo C Quero acudieron al laboratorio institucional durante el periodo de estudio para realizarse el examen coproparasitario, de los cuales 169 (77,89%) mostraron un resultado positivo al examen directo, y 15 (6,91%) fueron diagnosticados mediante la técnica de sedimentación por centrifugación, para un total de 184 pacientes con parasitosis intestinales, es decir el 84,8% de la población de estudio, aiendo Endolimax nana, con 22,94% la especie más frecuente, seguida de Entamoeba coli con el 20,78%, Blastocystis spp. 16,06%. Del grupo de 184 pacientes con diagnóstico de parasitosis intestinal que conformaron la muestra del estudio, 31 y 8 (16,85 y 4,35%) mostraron resultado positivo para coparasitación con 2 y 3 especies diferentes, respectivamente. La implementación de indicadores de gestión de cuidados de los pacientes diagnosticados con parasitosis intestinales puede contribuir a la planeación de estrategias para la prevención e identificación factores de riesgo, en dicha población, así como dirigir campañas de educación sanitaria y promover la conciencia sobre la salud y la higiene como medidas que deben ser consideradas e implementadas para disminuir las prevalencias(AU)

An operative investigation, of longitudinal scope, was carried out in the period between April and November 2019, with the objective of determining indicators and improvement proposals for the follow-up management of rural patients with intestinal parasites, diagnosed in the clinical laboratory of the Center for Health Type C Quero (CSQ). The universe of the study was made up of 15,842 potential users of the CSQ. The type of sampling was for convenience; The population consisted of 217 patients who attended the institutional laboratory during the study period to undergo coproparasitic examination. The sample consisted of 184 patients diagnosed with intestinal parasitosis. To determine the care management of rural patients diagnosed with intestinal parasites, 8 variables and 8 indicators were taken into account for the study period, which were obtained by monitoring the clinical laboratory processes, once the period of study was completed. the investigation. A total of 217 patients from the Quero Type C Health Center attended the institutional laboratory during the study period to undergo coproparasitic examination, of which 169 (77.89%) showed a positive result on direct examination, and 15 (6. 91%) were diagnosed by the centrifugation sedimentation technique, for a total of 184 patients with intestinal parasites, that is, 84.8% of the study population. Being Endolimax nana, with 22.94% the most frequent species, followed by of Entamoeba coli with 20.78%, Blastocystis spp. 16.06%. Of the group of 184 patients diagnosed with intestinal parasitosis that made up the study sample, 31 and 8 (16.85 and 4.35%) showed positive results for co-parasitic infection with 2 and 3 different species, respectively. The implementation of care management indicators for patients diagnosed with intestinal parasites can contribute to the planning of strategies for the prevention and identification of risk factors in said population, as well as directing health education campaigns and promoting awareness about health and hygiene as measures that must be considered and implemented to reduce prevalence(AU)

Pinworm infection in school children of four districts of Malakand region, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan / Infecção por Pinworm em crianças em idade escolar de quatro distritos da região de Malakand, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Paquistão

Illnesses caused by human pinworm remains a pediatric health problem in developing nations including Pakistan. This study aimed to investigate the prevalence of Enterobius vermicularis in school children of four districts in Malakand region, Pakistan. Four hundred faecal specimens were screened from May 2014 to July 2017 using normal saline and Lugol Iodine solution. Twenty three (5.75%) individuals were found infected with E. vermicularis. Five children (1.25%) were infected with only E. vermicularis and eighteen (4.5%) were mixed with other helminths. E. vermicularis 23 (5.75%), hookworm 11 (2.75%), Ascaris lumbricoides 5 (1.25%), Taenia saginata 2 (0.5%) and Trichuris trichuira 4 (1%) were detected. Age wise 5-8 years were more parasitized followed by 13-15 and 9-12 years of age (0.0296, P<0.05). Male children were highly (0.06700, P<0.05) infected than female. Children in Malakand district were found more infected followed by Dir Upper, similar infection rate was noted in children of districts Lower Dir and Swat (0.0192, P<0.05). Children in primary level were highly (0.0013, P<0.05) infected than those of middle and high levels. Enterobiosis is still the most common parasitic diseases in children. Studies on enterobiosis should be conducted time by time to recognize the hazardous of such parasitic infection in remote areas of the country.

As doenças causadas pela traça humana continuam sendo um problema de saúde pediátrica nos países em desenvolvimento, incluindo o Paquistão. Este estudo teve como objetivo investigar a prevalência de Enterobius vermicularis em escolares de quatro distritos na região de Malakand, Paquistão. Quatrocentos espécimes fecais foram selecionados de maio de 2014 a julho de 2017, usando solução salina normal e solução de lugol iodo. Vinte e três (5,75%) indivíduos foram encontrados infectados por E. vermicularis. Cinco crianças (1,25%) foram infectadas apenas com E. vermicularis e dezoito (4,5%) foram misturadas com outros helmintos. Foram detectados E. vermicularis 23 (5,75%), ancilóstomo 11 (2,75%), Ascaris lumbricoides 5 (1,25%), Taenia saginata 2 (0,5%) e Trichuris trichuira 4 (1%). Com relação à idade, 5-8 anos foram mais parasitados, seguidos por 13-15 e 9-12 anos de idade (0,0296, P <0,05). Crianças do sexo masculino foram altamente (0,06700, P <0,05) infectadas do que as do sexo feminino. As crianças no distrito de Malakand foram encontradas mais infectadas, seguidas por Dir Upper, taxa de infecção semelhante foi observada em crianças dos distritos Lower Dir e Swat (0,0192, P <0,05). As crianças do nível primário foram altamente (0,0013, P <0,05) infectadas do que as dos níveis médio e alto. A enterobiose ainda é a doença parasitária mais comum em crianças. Os estudos sobre enterobiose devem ser conduzidos periodicamente para reconhecer a periculosidade dessa infecção parasitária em áreas remotas do país.